Bone Disease : Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma, or also known as osteogenic sarcoma, is bone cancer. It affects the long bones and also the knee, hips, and the shoulders. The cause is unknown but the genetic factors and the radiation therapy may be part of it. Osteosarcoma occurs more in males than females, mostly the ages under 30. Symptoms include pain first then constant swelling and the limitation of joint movement. Eventually fever and a high chance of fracture. The long time survival rate is low.


Treatments

The types of treatments used for osteosarcoma include:

• Surgery
• Chemotherapy 
• Radiation therapy 

These treatments may have some side effects to it, but they are less troublesome.

Reference

https://www.britannica.com/science/osteosarcoma

Bone Career : Radiologist

Radiologist 

Radiologist are medical doctors that specializes in using medical techniques, like x-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imagining (MRI), nuclear medicine, positron emission tomography (PET) and ultrasound. They use high tech equipment to diagnose and trend the variety of diseases.

Training and Education Needed

A radiologist must graduate first from an accredited medical school and earn an MD or Do degree, passing a licensed exam, performing an one year internship, and completing at least four years of graduate medical education in radiology. These doctors can choose to enter fellowship programs and to specialize areas in radiology. They usually have taken and passed the exam that are board certified, thus making them approved to the practice field by the American Board of Radiology, or the American Osteopathic Board of Radiology.

Average Salary Earnings

Physician radiology average salary is $381,784 as of 2016, but can range between $331,953-$441,633; depending on the factor.

Reference 

http://www.radiologyinfo.org/

Bertillon and Anthropometry

Alphonse Bertillon is a bio metrics researcher, who used anthropological technique to enforce creating an identification system based on measurements. Anthropometry was the first scientific system used by the police and criminals. Bertillonage is a way for the identification of criminals using anthropometric measurements.
I think that this method can still be used today, but now there are way more advanced equipment that can identify criminals easier and faster. I think it could be used if they didn't have those kinds of technology and if they were in a different environment. 

Prompt 10: When does life begin?/ Should we support human cells research why or why not?

In the stem cells research, some people debate whether they are taking a life of a human, where they used their stem cells in research and killing them. In Hindi belief, they think that every life starts when the sperm is entered in the female and is added with the female. I believe life begins when the sperm and ovum create a new individual human, agreeing to their belief. The new human would begin at fertilization where the sperm enters the female and creates a new individual. I think that everything has life once its in the body. Even if a baby has no heart or the nervous system yet, its still a life. 

Human stem cells are used where babies are killed and they use the information from them to help form new cures of diseases or research them to find more information to help many people in need. The research involves taking tissues from an aborted embryo and studying it. Stem cell research can help treat a range of medical problems like Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease, Heart Diseases, Stroke and Diabetes (Type 1), Birth Defects, Spinal Cord Injuries ,Replace or Repair Damaged Organs and more. I think that we should support human cell research because, I think the research can help many people by using one individual to help finding a cure that can help many people. I think that since some human's life is already destroyed then we should use the chance to use its human cells and help others. The stem cells research can help with other medical issues that people develop. 

Career: Developmental Disability Nurse

Developmental Disability Nurse

Nurses helps patients with a mental or developmental disability like Down Syndrome, autism, and etc. They help them eat and perform basic body functions, teach them to move on their own and to assist them with language and their communication skills. These nurses can also educate patients families about the disability and provides support. 

Training/ Education Needed

• Licensed Practical Nurse Certification (LPN)
• Associate of Science in Nursing (ASN) or Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)
• Passing National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX)

Salary

An earned certification of an RN degree can earn between $50,000-$60,000 per year, while LPN can earn between $34,000-$44,000.

Reference

DiscoveringNursing.com 

Tissue Disease

Systemic lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

SymptomsSymptoms can change over time, but some common symptoms are : 

• severe fatigue 
• joint pain
• joint swelling 
• headaches 
• a rash on the cheek and nose, known as a "butterfly rash"
• hair loss
• anemia 
• blood clotting problems
• fingers turn white/blue, tingling when cold, or called as Raynaud's phenomenon

Some symptoms depend on parts of the body, like the digestive tract, the heart, or the skin that the disease is attacking. 

Treatment for SLE 
There are no cure for SLE, but there are treatments to ease the symptoms. Depending on where the symptoms affects your body, treatments may include:

• anti-inflammatory medication for joint pains and stiffness
• steroid creams for rashes
• corticosteriods to minimize the immune response
• antimalarial drugs for skin and joints
• disease to modify drugs or target immune system

Doctors recommend to eat certain food and to also avoid certain foods, and also to minimize the stress that can help to reduce triggering symptoms. 

Prognosis
The best way to start after the symptoms develop is treatment. It is important to tell your doctor if you develop any symptoms that concerns you. Working with a trained counselor or support group to relieve stress, maintain a positive health and to manage your illness. 

Reference 
HealthLine.com 

Is Henrietta Lacks courageous?

Henrietta is courageous because she has to face all her problems on her own. When finding out that she has a knot in her womb she has to go to the doctor to get treated. She had to face all the problems to herself that she has some kind of diseases. She's a strong woman that has the face the fact that she could die, but even that she still cares for her daughter that caught her disease and has to be in a hospital. She feels sorry for her because its her fault that she has to suffer with this because of her.
"...but Sadie always figured Henrietta kept it secret because she was afraid the doctor would take out her womb and make her stop having children."(Skloot 14) Henrietta seems to be the kind of person that would keep a lot of thoughts and feeling to herself and to carry the burden herself. She faced the problem directly after finding a knot inside her womb. "You better take me to the doctor. I'm bleedin and it ain't my time." (Skloot 15) She told her husband to take her to the hospital when she knew that something was not right with her body. I think she is brave for facing the problem, when back in the time there wasn't as much of the new technologies and studies as there was before, which meant that there was probably no good medicine or treatment that could have helped her. I think that she wants to face the fact that she has a problem and she wants to get it over with to also stop the pain. 

Chapter 3 Questions 3,7,15

3. What functional abilities do all cells exhibit?

Functional abilities that cells have is that they can metabolize, digest food, reproduce, dispose of waste, grow, move, and react. For example white blood cells wander freely throughout the body tissues and protect the body by destroying harmful bacteria and substances. Some cells make chemicals or hormones to stabilizes the body needs and wants. We need to digest food to get energy and to reproduce to have a offspring. The body needs to react to have the sense of change. We need to grow to develop our bodies and grow up to a full person. 

7. Name the cellular organelles and explain the function of each

Each cellular organelle have different functions to maintain the cell. The nucleus is like a control center or the headquarter, that contains instructions like building a whole body. The nuclear membrane controls movement of materials in and out of the nucleus.  The nucleus contains one or more small dark staining round bodies of nucleoli. The chromatin are formed by loose network of bumpy threads, combined with DNA with protein. Then the chromatin forms rod-like bodies of chromosomes. The cell membrane separates the cell contents from the environment. Centrioles are for cellular division and cellular reproduction. the chloroplast creates glucose, that uses energy from the sun to make food for the plant. Lysosomes breaks down larger food molecules into smaller molecules. The vacuole stores water, waste, and food. The mitochondria breaks down sugar molecules into energy. The endoplasmic reticulum carries materials through the cell. The ribosomes produces proteins. The cytoplasm supports and protects the cell organelles. The cell wall supports and protects the cell and allows H2O and CO2 to pass into the cell. Each cellular organelles contribute to function the cell properly. 

15. Why can an organs cells be permanently damaged if it is amitotic?

An organ can be permanently damaged if the cell is amitoic because the cell is capable of going through mitosis. Any cell can die that cannot be replaces with the remaining of the cell division. When an organ is damaged with a disease or injury, its leads to the cell dying and it cannot be repaired by division of the remaining to replace those that are gone. So organs that are damaged cannot be replaced. 

Essay Questions 4&6

4. Other functions that the organism must do in order to survive is it needs movement, reproduction, maintaining their boundaries, and to replenish their dying cells. As stated in the book, we need to respond to environment changes, take in and digest nutrients. The organ systems need to work together to function properly in the entire body. Maintaining boundaries help to protect the internal organs from drying out, which is the integumentary system. The body needs exercise and move to produce a healthy and strong muscular and skeletal system. The body also needs responsiveness, which is like the ability to sense change. Lastly, the body needs to reproduce to have an offspring to make a whole new person. 


6. The consequence loss of homeostasis or homeostatic can be the diseases of homeostatic imbalance. Homeostatic imbalance, increases in more illnesses and makes our bodies weaker as we get older. The loss of homeostasis can lose the ability to maintain stable and will lose its balance. The body need homeostasis to function normally. Its importance is to maintain the consistency of an internal environment, such as waste is not allowed to be accumulated and body temperature must be right. 

Intelligence

There are many kinds of intelligence: Language, linguistic, logical mathematical, musical, nature, self, social, and spatial. Intelligences that describes me are self, spatial and social.

I believe that self is when I like to think to myself and sometimes thinking about life and things we do over time. I do try to do things on my own or to search for "how to do" things on the internet. Another intelligence is spatial is liking to see things visually to make learning easier. I think that I like to make things organized, so it's easier for me to see it visually. Organizing helps to make learning faster to me and it's more helpful. Lastly, the last intelligence is social, which is communicating with others. Sometimes communicating could help us to learn better from other students opinions and thoughts. I think this can help with ones speaking skills and to have better communications with others. I think self and spatial describe me well, because I do like to think things over, and I like have visual for me to learn better. I think social is partial true, because I think I do like to talk but probably people I'm comfortable with and people I know. So I think I'm both self and social, when I want to be myself and independent or if I either like to be associated with people.